Energy Economy
Ali Faridzad; Shamsi Ghasemi; Mehdi Ahrari
Abstract
A review of empirical studies in the field of insurance of upstream oil and gas projects suggests that domestic insurance companies and insurance consortiums in Iran rely on the experience of reinsurance companies to determine premiums and risk conditions. Given the economic sanctions and restrictions ...
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A review of empirical studies in the field of insurance of upstream oil and gas projects suggests that domestic insurance companies and insurance consortiums in Iran rely on the experience of reinsurance companies to determine premiums and risk conditions. Given the economic sanctions and restrictions on determining precise premiums and conditions for direct insurance and reinsurance of oil assets, it is necessary to establish a method to determine premiums even under normal circumstances that can be referred to international reinsurers. To address this need, the present study adopted an empirical method that uses risk-based valuation and the monetary value at risk (VaR), which covers a wide range of relevant oil and energy insurance aspects. The results showed that the research method can determine the premium of oil assets following international standards, taking into account expert opinions and other domestic considerations.IntroductionOil and gas continue to be among the primary sources of energy globally, hence a crucial and fundamental part of the world economy. The various sectors within this vast field offer significant capacities and resources at a large scale, including research, equipment, and resources for exploration, development, and utilization, as well as the derivatives in the real sector processes. In addition, transportation, exchanges, transactions, physical markets, and stock exchanges also play a significant role in this industry. The world economy is thus highly dependent, both directly and indirectly, on the oil and gas industry. It is evident that the global oil and gas industry involves a vast amount of capital and risk, which is more complex and extensive than one may imagine. The industry interacts with numerous sectors of the economy, with extensive links that exceed beyond a single field. Considering the relatively small share of oil and energy insurance in the portfolio of the insurance industry, there are various factors that prevent the entry of insurance services into this area on a significant scale. One significant obstacle is the lack of scientific studies on determining the value at risk for oil assets, which is a crucial factor in determining the volume and size of insurance premiums for insurable oil and gas assets. Using the valuation and estimation of monetary VaR of oil assets, the present study aimed to develop a method for insurance companies to determine the insurance premium of oil and gas assets. An example was provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in practice. Materials and MethodsTo conduct a risk-based valuation, the study employed Smith’s method as well as the method proposed by Knapp and Heij in order to estimate the value at risk for oil assets.The NPV for the valuation model of exploration and development risk will be as follows (Smith, 2004): (1)Where CF0 is the drilling cost, is the probability of a failed well and {CF1, CF2... CFr} are the expected cash flows in case of success of the well and (i) is the discount rate.According to Knapp and Heij (2017), identifying risk factors, which are variables that pose a risk for an oil asset, is crucial in estimating the value at risk. The risk factors are evaluated based on their probability of occurrence.The monetary VaR is estimated based on the insurable value of a physical asset, which is typically the replacement cost or the actual cash value of the asset covered by standard insurance policies.To estimate the value at risk, two probabilities are combined, which are determined based on the total insurable value (TIV). For instance, if there are five risk groups denoted as j (j=1,...,5), vj represents the sum of the insurable value for each type. TIV is defined as the total of all five groups, as follows: Furthermore, Pinc represents the probability of an event occurring within a year. Pj is the conditional probability of damage in group j occurring in relation to a particular event. Then monetary VaR is then defined as follows: (2)It is important to note that TIV is derived from the method proposed by Smith (2004), which can be used to assess the value of the entire property or its individual parts and components.The insurance rate and premium can be estimated on the basis of the model of exploration and development risk, along with the future discount rate. This estimation includes the initial cost (drilling or installation cost) CF0 and is given by the following equation:NPV, in Relation (1), is replaced by the future value (FV) or the total insurable value (TIV) of the oil asset.CFt = CF0: NPV is equivalent to book value or price determined by official experts or official pricing authorities.PDH: Probability of occurrence of major risks, which is considered equivalent to catastrophic risks leading to total damage.i: It represents risk insurance premium, which is equivalent to the probability of the occurrence of conventional risks that each oil asset faces according to its specific conditions.Now Relation (1) will be changed to Relation (3): (3)Now monetary VaR is calculated as follows: (4)In equation (4), V is TIV, which is equivalent to FV calculated based on Relation (2).Results and DiscussionThe study used the information on the insurance policy of HP-2000 drilling rig of North Drilling Company. Table 1 Information on the HP-2000 drilling rigThe value of the drilling rigReinsurance premium rateMarket premium rateInsurance premium12000.0040.00283.4(billion rials) (million rials)* Source: issued insurance policyThe future value of the drilling rig for one year is described in the following table:Table 2 The future value of the drilling rigNPV iFV12000.00220.0032400(billion rials) (billion rials)* Source: research resultsThe monetary VaR based on the future value at risk (FV), which is equivalent TIV, for the insured drilling rig is as follows according to Relation (2):Table 3 The monetary VaR of the drilling rigFV=TIV MVR24000.00220.84.3(billion rials) (million rials)* Source: research resultCatastrophe risk (Pinc) and the 5-fold decomposed risks of the oil rig are determined based on expert opinion, which will be the basis of monetary VaR estimation.The premium values and the rate calculated based on the monetary VaR were compared to the premium values in both cases of reinsurance and market (Table 4). Premium rate is obtained by dividing premium, which in the proposed methods is equal to Monetary VaR (MVR), by oil rig price.Table 4 Comparison of the insurance premium rate based on the MVR method with the reinsurance and market rateMVR rateReinsurance rateMarket rate0.00350.0040.0028* Source: research resultsConclusionThe present study highlighted the characteristics and significance of the oil, gas, and petrochemical industry within the global economy, emphasizing the extensive interactions of this industry with various sectors of the economy, particularly in the field of insurance.The study used a distinctively innovative methodology which combines Smith’s (2004) risk valuation of oil assets with Knapp and Heij’s (2012; 2017) monetary VaR approach to determine the insurance premium rate. The proposed research method allows for the determination of an insurance premium rate that is equivalent to international reinsurance rates, based on the factual, environmental, and market conditions. The study offers insurance and oil engineering experts the possibility of calculating an appropriate insurance premium rate for an oil project based on the identified risks using empirical and technical knowledge, as considered in the proposed method.
Ali Faridzad
Abstract
The law of Targeted Subsidies on energy carriers has been implemented for seven years. There are still many uncertainties about the effectiveness of this law, which has raised many questions for energy economists. One of the main questions in this regard is the estimation of embodied energy subsidy for ...
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The law of Targeted Subsidies on energy carriers has been implemented for seven years. There are still many uncertainties about the effectiveness of this law, which has raised many questions for energy economists. One of the main questions in this regard is the estimation of embodied energy subsidy for net export of goods and services at the level of the economic sectors that has not been taken into consideration by Iranian researchers. To answer this fundamental question, we measure the net exports of embodied energy subsidy for goods and services with using the price-gap approach and applying Iranian Input-Output table for year 2011. In addition, for assuming the differences of embodied energy in unit of Iran’s imported and exported commodities, it is measured according to the ratio of the world average energy intensity to Iran’s energy intensity. The results of this study show that while some sectors of the economy such as basic metals are faced net exports of embodied energy, the net value of the embodied energy subsidy in the content of exporting goods and services is not consistent with the net export of embodied energy, and policy makers cannot employ pricing policies, such as increasing the price of energy carriers, to manage and control the implicit energy subsidy. Accordingly, the government has recommended adjusting the prices of energy carriers in line with international prices as well as improving technology by creating an efficient financing market.
Ali Faridzad; Mohammad Sadegh Ghazizadeh; Kiomars Heydari
Volume 20, Issue 65 , February 2016, , Pages 63-92
Abstract
Iran is flaring about 30 million cubic meters of associated gas per day in onshore oil fields. Suboptimality of economic extraction and production of exhaustible natural resources pawn the national benefits. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is analyising the economic and technical feasibility ...
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Iran is flaring about 30 million cubic meters of associated gas per day in onshore oil fields. Suboptimality of economic extraction and production of exhaustible natural resources pawn the national benefits. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is analyising the economic and technical feasibility aspects of reusing flared associated gas based on Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). In this study time series data of average associated flared gas from 44 Iranian onshore oil fields has been employed. Additionally, three investment scenarios mean gas injection to the oil fields, electricity production and final consumption have been considered. Results of this study show that such oil fields produce less than 3 million cubic meters associated gas per day, gas injection to oil fields is the optimum alternative whereas using of associated gas to electricity generation is advised for other scenario.
Habib Morovat; Ali Faridzad
Abstract
Exchange rate is one of the most important factors in open economies. So determining the factors which affect exchange rate behaviors is necessary. In this research we try to analyze the role of extrapolative expectations and chartists in the instability of exchange rate market. We use unofficial nominal ...
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Exchange rate is one of the most important factors in open economies. So determining the factors which affect exchange rate behaviors is necessary. In this research we try to analyze the role of extrapolative expectations and chartists in the instability of exchange rate market. We use unofficial nominal exchange rate data (Rial/Dollar) in weekly, monthly and quarterly horizons (from 1991 to 2015). We use fundamentalists- chartists approach and agent-based model (ABM) for simulation. The results show that when there is instability in market, the weight of chartists is much more than fundamentalists and vice versa. Also we show that chartists gain from this market so they don’t like to leave the market.
